Judgment of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
in the case of

Delalic et al. (I.T-96-21) "Celebici" 16 November 1998

Index: Part III

Applicable Law

A. General Principles of Interpretation
1. General Aids to Interpretation
2. Other Canons of Interpretation
3. Differences in Statutory Interpretation Between Systems
4. Conclusion

B. Applicable Provisions of the Statute
C. General Requirements for the Application of Articles 2 and 3 of the Statute
1. Provisions of Article 1
2. Existence of an Armed Conflict
3. Nexus Between the Acts of the Accused and the Armed Conflict

D. Article 2 of the Statute
1. Nature of the Armed Conflict
   (a) Arguments of the Parties
    (b) Discussion
    (c) Findings
2. Status of the Victims as "Protected Persons"
    (a) Positions of the Parties
    (b) Discussion
        (i) Were the Victims Protected Civilians?
        (ii) Were the Victims Prisoners of War?
    (c) Findings

E. Article 3 of the Statute
1. Introduction
2. Arguments of the Parties
3. Discussion
4. Findings

F. Individual Criminal Responsibility Under Article 7(1)
1. Introduction
2. Arguments of the Parties
3. Discussion and Findings

G. Individual Criminal Responsibility Under Article 7(3)
1. Introduction
2. Legal Character of Command Responsibility and its Status Under Customary International Law
3. The Elements of Individual Criminal Responsibility Under Article 7(3)
    (a) Introduction
    (b) The Superior–Subordinate Relationship
        (i) Arguments of the Parties
        (ii) Discussion and Findings
                a. The Responsibility of Non-Military Superiors
                b. The Concept of Superior
    (c) The Mental Element: "Knew or had reason to know"
        (i) Arguments of the Parties
        (ii) Discussion and Findings
                a. Actual Knowledge
                b. "Had reason to know"
    (d) Necessary and Reasonable Measures
    (e) Causation

H. Construction of Criminal Statutes
1. Aids to Construction of Criminal Statutes
2. Interpretation of the Statute and Rules

I. Elements of the Offences
1. Wilful Killing and Murder
    (a) Introduction
    (b) Arguments of the Parties
    (c) Discussion
    (d) Findings
2. Offences of Mistreatment
    (a) Introduction to Various Offences of Mistreatment
    (b) Torture
        (i) Introduction
        (ii) Arguments of the Parties
        (iii) Discussion
            a. The Definition of Torture Under Customary International Law
            b. Severity of Pain or Suffering
            c. Prohibited Purpose
            d. Official Sanction
        (iv) Rape as Torture
            a. Prohibition of Rape and Sexual Assault Under International Humanitarian Law
            b. Definition of Rape
            c. Decisions of International and Regional Judicial Bodies
        (v) Findings
    (c) Wilfully Causing Great Suffering or Serious Injury to Body or Health
        (i) Arguments of the Parties
        (ii) Discussion
        (iii) Findings
    (d) Inhuman Treatment
        (i) Arguments of the Parties
        (ii) Discussion
        (iii) Findings
    (e) Cruel Treatment
        (i) Arguments of the Parties
        (ii) Discussion
        (iii) Findings
   (f) Inhumane Conditions

3. Unlawful Confinement of Civilians
(a) Arguments of the Parties
(b) Discussion
    (i) Legality of Confinement
    (ii) Procedural Safeguards
(c) Findings

4. Plunder
(a) Introduction
(b) Arguments of the Parties
(c) Discussion and Findings